The difficulty of conducting research with human subjects often entails limited sample sizes and small empirical effects. We demonstrate that this problem can yield patterns of results that are practically indistinguishable from flipping a coin to determine the direction of treatment effects. We use this idea of random conclusions to establish a baseline for interpreting effect size estimates, in turn producing more stringent thresholds for hypothesis testing and statistical power calculations. An examination of recent meta-analyses in psychology, neuroscience, and medicine confirms that, even if all considered effects are real, results involving small effects are indeed indistinguishable from random conclusions.
Professor at George Washington University
I am a Professor with Human-Technology Collaboration and Educational Technology programs at George Washington University in Washington DC. I have written 12 books and more than 100 articles, and I co-host of the Parsing Science podcast where scientists tell the stories behind their research. I am also the developer of the WeShareScience.com online platform for sharing research videos, and SciencePods.com where researchers can create free podcasts about their science. My research interests include human interactions with intelligent machines, needs, needs assessments, and instructional design.
Latest posts by Ryan Watkins (see all)
- Exploring Student Behaviors and Motivations using AI TAs with Optional Guardrails - April 16, 2025
- AI-University: An LLM-based platform for instructional alignment to scientific classrooms - April 15, 2025
- Interaction-Required Suggestions for Control, Ownership, and Awareness in Human-AI Co-Writing - April 14, 2025